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"Who is a Jew?" ((ヘブライ語:מיהו יהודי) ) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. The question is based in ideas about Jewish personhood which have cultural, religious, political, genealogical, and personal dimensions. The definition of who is a Jew varies according to whether it is being considered by Jews based on normative religious statutes or self-identification, or by non-Jews for other reasons. Because Jewish identity can include characteristics of an ethnicity,〔 *(Ethnic minorities in English law ). Google Books. Retrieved 2010-12-23. * *(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.icsresources.org/content/curricula/ReligiousOrEthnic.pdf ) * * * 〕 a religion,〔Sharot, Stephen, "Judaism and Jewish Ethnicity: Changing Interrelationships and Differentiations in the Diaspora and Israel," in Ernest Krausz, Gitta Tulea, (eds.) ''Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century'', pp. 87–104〕 or conversion, the definition depends on many aspects that must be considered.〔Will Herberg, David G. Dalin, ''From Marxism to Judaism: the Collected Essays of Will Herberg'', p.240〕 According to the simplest definition used by Jews for self-identification, a person is a Jew by birth, or becomes one through religious conversion. However, there are differences of opinion among the various branches of Judaism in the application of this definition, including: * The effect of mixed parents: i.e. whether a person of mixed Jewish and non-Jewish parents should be considered Jewish. * Conversion: i.e. what processes of conversion should be considered valid. * Historical loss of Jewish identity: i.e. whether a person's or group's actions (such as conversion to a different religion) or circumstances in his or her community's life (such as being unaware of Jewish parents) should affect his or her status as Jewish or non-Jewish. * Diaspora identity: identity of Jews among themselves, and by non-Jews throughout the Jewish diaspora. * Claim to Israeli citizenship: the examination of the previous issues in the context of the Basic Laws of Israel. ==Tannaitic Judaism== According to the Mishnah, the first written source for halakha, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined matrilineally. According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, in the Bible, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (''kilayim''). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Who is a Jew?」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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